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GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System)

全球/区域数值天气预报系统

全球中期数值预报系统（GRAPES-GFS）和区域中尺度预报系统（GRAPES-MESO)为我国具有独立知识产权的数值天气预报业务系统。在此基础上开发的GRAPES全球和区域台风预报系统、海浪预报系统、集合预报系统以及环境模式，可为气象防灾减灾及行业用户提供重要支撑。

全球中期数值天气预报系统的水平分辨率是25公里，预报全球未来10天天气状况。区域中尺度数值预报系统提供水平分辨率10公里的中国区域未来3.5天的天气状况。

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2017年7日凌晨到中午，广州花都、增城、黄埔先后突发特大暴雨，打破了广东省3小时雨量极值，也刷新了广州日雨量历史纪录。GRAPES数值预报系统对此次强降雨过程的时间、位置、强度均作出成功预测。

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2015年6月23日，江苏省阜宁县出现龙卷天气，造成了重大人员伤亡和经济损失。

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grapes是什么意思_grapes的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

es是什么意思_grapes的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录grapes是什么意思_grapes用英语怎么说_grapes的翻译_grapes翻译成_grapes的中文意思_grapes怎么读,grapes的读音,grapes的用法,grapes的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津grapes英 [greɪps]美 [greɪps]释义n.葡萄( grape的名词复数 )大小写变形:Grapes点击人工翻译，了解更多人工释义实用场景例句全部Lili had fallen asleep clutching a fat bunch of grapes.莉莉手里抓着一大串葡萄睡着了。柯林斯例句Essentially, vines and grapes need water, heat and light.最基本的是，葡萄藤和葡萄需要水、热和光。柯林斯例句Olive groves, grapes, and citrus fruits grow in profusion.橄榄、葡萄和柑橘类水果产量丰富。柯林斯例句The price of grapes had shot up to 32 francs a kilo.葡萄价格大幅上涨，达到每公斤32法郎。柯林斯例句The grapes are hand-picked and pressed.这些葡萄是精心挑选用来榨汁的。柯林斯例句a bunch of grapes一串葡萄《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》grapes on the vine藤上的葡萄《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》They can express the juice from grapes to make wine.他们可以从葡萄中挤出汁来做酒.《简明英汉词典》Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒由葡萄制成.《简明英汉词典》They were tramping grapes for wine.他们在踩葡萄酿酒.《简明英汉词典》Squash the grapes into a pulp.把葡萄压榨成酱.《简明英汉词典》The juice of the grapes was pressed out.葡萄汁被压出来了.《简明英汉词典》These grapes are ripe.这些葡萄熟了.《现代汉英综合大词典》Brandy is made from grapes.白兰地酒是用葡萄酿的.《现代汉英综合大词典》Grapes are now in.葡萄上市了.《现代汉英综合大词典》收起实用场景例句真题例句全部四级六级高考Over the centuries, Etna's lower slopes have been shaped by human hands to take advantage of rich soils for growing grapes, apples and nuts.2019年6月四级真题（第二套）听力 Section CThe grapes are originally native to Croatia, but this winery is in eastern Italy.2018年6月六级真题(第二套)听力 Section AIn many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.2015年高考英语安徽卷阅读理解阅读E 原文收起真题例句行业词典医学马体葡萄疮：严重马踵炎形成的肉芽组织牛结核释义实用场景例句真题例句行

Grape - Wikipedia

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1History

2Description

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2.1Nutrition

3Grapevines

4Trade

5Distribution and production

6Table and wine grapes

7Seedless grapes

8Uses

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8.1Culinary

8.1.1Raisins, currants and sultanas

8.1.2Juice

9Pomace and phytochemicals

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9.1Skin

9.2Seeds

9.3Resveratrol

10Health claims

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10.1French paradox

10.2Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs

11In religion

12Gallery

13See also

14References

15Further reading

16External links

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Grape

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters

Not to be confused with Grapefruit.

This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. For the European grapevine, see Vitis vinifera. For other uses, see Grape (disambiguation).

Grapes

"Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green) table grapes

A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis. Grapes are a non-climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.

The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food over history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as raisins, currants and sultanas), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in winemaking. Other grape-derived products include various types of jam, juice, vinegar and oil.

Grapes, red or greenNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy288 kJ (69 kcal)Carbohydrates18.1 gSugars15.48 gDietary fiber0.9 g

Fat0.16 g

Protein0.72 g

VitaminsQuantity %DV†Thiamine (B1)6% 0.069 mgRiboflavin (B2)6% 0.07 mgNiacin (B3)0.188 mgPantothenic acid (B5)1% 0.05 mgVitamin B67% 0.086 mgFolate (B9)1% 2 μgCholine1% 5.6 mgVitamin C4% 3.2 mgVitamin E1% 0.19 mgVitamin K14% 14.6 μg

MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium1% 10 mgIron3% 0.36 mgMagnesium2% 7 mgManganese3% 0.071 mgPhosphorus3% 20 mgPotassium6% 191 mgSodium0% 2 mgZinc1% 0.07 mg

Other constituentsQuantityWater81 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Units

μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams

IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central

History

The Middle East is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.[1][2] Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia.[3][4][5]

The oldest known winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[6] By the 9th century AD, the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[7]

Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Cypriots, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production.[8] The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

In 2005 a team of archaeologists concluded that some Chalcolithic wine jars, which were discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s, were the oldest of their kind in the world, dating back to 3,500 BC.[9] Moreover, Commandaria, a sweet dessert wine from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world, its origins traced as far back as 2000 BC.[10]

In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus Vitis proliferate in the wild across the continent, and were a part of the diet of many Native Americans, but were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, Ephraim Bull of Concord, Massachusetts, cultivated seeds from wild Vitis labrusca vines to create the Concord grape which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.[11]

Description

Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.[12] Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines.[13][14] Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

Nutrition

Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and have negligible fat (table). A 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount of raw grapes supplies 288 kilojoules (69 kilocalories) of food energy and a moderate amount of vitamin K (14% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts.

Grapevines

Main article: Vitis

Concord is a variety of North American labrusca grape

Most domesticated grapes come from cultivars of Vitis vinifera, a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:

Vitis amurensis, the most important Asian species

Vitis labrusca, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the Concord cultivar), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.

Vitis mustangensis (the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma

Vitis riparia, a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to Quebec.

Vitis rotundifolia (the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico.

Trade

Top grape exporting countries by years (in USD)

Rank

Country

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Peru

673.4M

847.3M

917.9M

1.0B

1.5B

Chile

1.2B

1.0B

927.1M

Netherlands

653.3M

778.1M

721.8M

794.5M

916.5M

South Africa

572.0M

567.4M

553.4M

567.2M

907.3M

Italy

864.8M

800.1M

724.8M

835.1M

876.7M

United States

904.9M

926.6M

857.2M

825.2M

782.7M

China

735.4M

690.1M

987.4M

1.2B

757.3M

Spain

338.4M

410.9M

343.6M

471.6M

516.8M

Australia

286.4M

286.9M

386.5M

432.2M

344.5M

India

281.7M

279.2M

320.1M

295.9M

336.4M

World

8.5B

8.7B

9.0B

9.5B

9.9B

Source: Tridge

Distribution and production

Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012.[15]

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.

There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is Sultana, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km2 (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is Airén. Other popular varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Tempranillo, Riesling, and Chardonnay.[16]

Top producers of grapes[citation needed]for wine making, by area planted

Country

Area (km2)

Spain

11,750

France

8,640

Italy

8,270

Turkey

8,120

United States

4,150

Iran

2,860

Romania

2,480

Portugal

2,160

Argentina

2,080

Chile

1,840

Australia

1,642

Armenia

1,459

Top grape producing countries by years(in metric tons)

Rank

Country

2009

2010

2011

2012

2020

China

8,038,703

8,651,831

9,174,280

9,600,000 F

14,769,088

United States

6,629,198

6,777,731

6,756,449

6,661,820

8,222,360

Italy

8,242,500

7,787,800

7,115,500

5,819,010

6,817,770

France

6,101,525

5,794,433

6,588,904

5,338,512

5,884,230

Spain

5,535,333

6,107,617

5,809,315

5,238,300

5,388,679

Turkey

4,264,720

4,255,000

4,296,351

4,275,659

4,208,908

Chile

2,600,000

2,903,000

3,149,380

3,200,000 F

3,125,000

Argentina

2,181,567

2,616,613

2,750,000

2,800,000 F

2,772,561

Iran

2,305,000

2,225,000

2,240,000

2,150,000 F

2,055,746

South Africa

1,748,590

1,743,496

1,683,927

1,839,030

2,028,185

—

World

58,521,410

58,292,101

58,500,118

67,067,128

78,034,332

Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization[17][18] (F=FAO estimate)

Table and wine grapes

Wine grapes on the vine

Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked.[19] While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.[20]

Seedless grapes

Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques.

There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.[21]

An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched phytochemical content of grape seeds (see Health claims, below).[22][23]

Uses

Culinary

Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils.

Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes).

Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine. Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.[24]

Raisins, currants and sultanas

Main article: Raisin

Raisins

In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents.

A raisin is any dried grape. While raisin is a French loanword, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; grappe (from which the English grape is derived) refers to the bunch (as in une grappe de raisins). A raisin in French is called raisin sec ("dry grape").

A currant is a dried Zante Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French raisin de Corinthe (Corinth grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually blackcurrant and redcurrant, two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.[25]

A sultana was originally a raisin made from Sultana grapes of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.

Juice

Grape juice

Main article: Grape juice

Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.[26]

Pomace and phytochemicals

Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called pomace (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as compost.[27] Grape pomace – some 10-30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various phytochemicals, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and extracted for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).[27][28]

Skin

Grape cross-section

Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes, whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties.[29] Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.[29] Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Muscadine grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes.[30][31] In muscadine skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.[32]

The flavonols syringetin, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, laricitrin and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.[33]

Seeds

Main articles: Grape seed extract and Grape seed oil

Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.[31] Grape seed oil from crushed seeds is used in cosmeceuticals and skincare products. Grape seed oil, including tocopherols (vitamin E) and high contents of phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.[34][35][36]

Resveratrol

Main article: Resveratrol

Resveratrol, a stilbene compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.[37] Muscadine grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.[38]

Health claims

Main articles: Health effects of wine, Grape therapy, and Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs

French paradox

Main article: French paradox

Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although French people tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine, among other dietary practices. Alcohol consumption in moderation may be cardioprotective by its minor anticoagulant effect and vasodilation.[39]

Using grape leaves in cuisine (Dolma)

Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities,[40] some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits.[41][42][43] Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.[44]

Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs

Main article: Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs

The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop acute kidney failure (the sudden development of kidney failure) with anuria (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.[45]

In religion

“sour grapes”不只是“酸葡萄”这么简单 - 知乎

“sour grapes”不只是“酸葡萄”这么简单 - 知乎首发于托雅阅写干货交流切换模式写文章登录/注册“sour grapes”不只是“酸葡萄”这么简单英语主播皮卡丘同名公众号：英语主播皮咔丘今天皮卡丘为大家介绍两个关于“心里不平衡”的惯用语表达：1. sour grapes1）含义：表面意思是“酸葡萄”，实际上指的就是咱们常说的“吃不着葡萄就说葡萄酸”：Criticism or disparagement of that which one cannot have. 因得不到而加以贬低，批评。2）来源：这个短语来源于《伊索寓言》（Aesop's fables）狐狸吃不到栅栏里的葡萄所以就认为葡萄很酸。3）例句：He said he didn’t want the job anyway, but that’s just sour grapes.他说他不想干这份工作，只不过是吃不着葡萄说葡萄酸而已。注意：sour grapes 虽然是复数形式，与之搭配的动词则是单数形式。2. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.1）含义：这句话的英文解释是：Other people's circumstances or belongings always seem more desirable than one's own. 即：总是觉得别人过得比自己好。2）例句：咱们来看一组对话：A: "It just seems like they have this perfect life, always traveling and spending time together."B: "Hey, the grass is always greener. I'm sure they have their own problems that no one else can see."A：好像他们的生活很完美，一起旅游，共度时光、B：人们总是觉得别人过得比自己好，我敢肯定他们也有自己的问题，只不过别人不知道罢了。小伙伴们是不是也会有这种心理呢？皮卡丘觉得知足常乐，开心度过每一天就好啦~----分割线------切记：如果你想加入有外国人、大学生的英语社群，关注我的公众号“竖起耳朵听”英语角里会伦敦腔、美音、印度腔的小伙伴都有！找到它就能一起交流。编辑于 2018-08-14 09:11英语英语翻译赞同 4添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录托雅阅写干货交流汇聚多年新东方、环雅、新东方大师教

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grapenoun uk

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A2 [ C ] a small, round, purple or pale green fruit that you can eat or make into wine

葡萄

black/white/red/green grapes

紫／白／红／绿葡萄

a bunch of grapes

一串葡萄

seedless grapes

无籽葡萄

grape juice

葡萄汁

the grape [ S ] UK humorous

wine

葡萄酒

更多范例减少例句He pulled another grape off the bunch and popped it into his mouth.The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes.

(grape在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

grape的例句

grape

Except for two exposures (grapes and unpasteurized milk) the risk factors identified for the total population were also found to be significant in the sub-population.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Since the grapes were all collected from the same experimental plot and treated in the same way in both years, the differences of vintage must be due to climate.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Chapter 6 contains nutritional infor mation on mango, banana, citrus, guava, pineapple, litchi, papaya and grapes.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

I think that, given the heat down here, not only grapes but bananas can be grown.

来自 Hansard archive

该例句来自Hansard存档。包含以下议会许可信息开放议会许可v3.0

Terpenes in the aroma of grapes and wines: a review.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

If you touch a bunch of grapes, some of the bloom comes off.

来自 Hansard archive

该例句来自Hansard存档。包含以下议会许可信息开放议会许可v3.0

He grew grapes and other garden crops.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Wine production in areas in which grapes do not grow is therefore an industrial and not an oenological practice.

来自 Europarl Parallel Corpus - English

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

grape的翻译

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drue [masculine], drue…

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anggur…

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quả nho…

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winogrono…

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chicco d’uva, uva…

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the number of years that someone lives or can expect to live in reasonably good health

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grape入门_用grape模拟乱数-CSDN博客

grape入门

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-09 12:15:54 发布

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lukaifang

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-09 12:15:54 发布

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文章标签：

grape

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/IT_lukaifang/article/details/108721472

版权

1.Grape是运行在rack或与rails/sinatra配合使用的一种restful风格的ruby微框架,通过提供简单的DSL(领域特定语言)简化APIs开发.它内置支持mutiple formats(),subdomain/prefix restriction, versioning等通用约束(ruby约束高于配置).详见http://intridea.github.io/grape/.

2.安装Grape

gem install grape

或者编辑Gemfile.

gem "grape"

然后

bundle install

3.基础用法 Grape APIs和Rack应用继承自Grape::API.

下面展示一段用Grape写的简单的twitter API:

module Twitter

class API < Grape::API

version 'v1', using: :header, vendor: 'twitter'

format :json

prefix :api

helpers do

def current_user

@current_user ||= User.authorize!(env)

end

def authenticate!

error!('401 Unauthorized', 401) unless current_user

end

resource :statuses do

desc "Return a public timeline."

get :public_timeline do

Status.limit(20)

end

desc

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Grape 是一个类似 REST 的 Ruby API 框架

06-28

目录什么是葡萄？稳定发布项目资源企业用葡萄安装基本用法安装全部架子没有 Rails 的 ActiveRecord导轨 4导轨 5+与 Sinatra（或其他框架）一起使用导轨导轨 < 5.2导轨 6.0模块重新安装安装配置版本控制小路标题接受版本头参数描述方法配置参数参数类已申报包括父命名空间包括缺失参数验证和强制支持的参数类型整数/固定数和强制转换自定义类型和强制转换多部分文件参数一流的 JSON 类型多种允许类型嵌套参数的验证相关参数组选项重命名内置验证器允许空白价值观except_values和...一样正则表达式互斥正好_one_of至少一个all_or_none_of嵌套的互斥、exactly_one_of、at_least_one_of、all_or_none_of命名空间验证和强制自定义验证器验证错误18n自定义验证消息存在，allow_blank，值，正则表达式和...一样all_or_none_of互斥正好_one_of至少一个胁迫使用 Lambdai18n 翻译的传递符号覆盖属性名称默认情况下标题要求标题案例处理回复路线帮手路径助手参数文档饼干HTTP 状态码重定向

Api-grape.zip

09-18

Api-grape.zip,一个固执己见的框架，用于在ruby.table中创建类似rest的api,一个api可以被认为是多个软件设备之间通信的指导手册。例如，api可用于web应用程序之间的数据库通信。通过提取实现并将数据放弃到对象中，api简化了编程。

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Grape简介

02-25

1023

什么是Grape

Grape是Ruby中的一个类REST API框架，被设计用于运行在Rack上或弥补已有的web应用框架（比如Rails或者Sinatra），Grape提供了一个简单的DSL用于方便的开发RESTful APIs。Grape支持common conventions，包括多种格式，子域/前缀限制，内容协商，版本控制等。

安装

通过gem安装：

gem install gr...

Grape 依赖管理器

乐百川

03-05

1714

本文参考自Groovy文档 The Grape dependency manager，本文代码大部分来自Groovy官方文档。Groovy自带了一个嵌入式的jar依赖管理器，这个管理器的主要作用应该是配合Groovy脚本使用，让我们不需要任何额外配置就可以执行Groovy脚本。快速开始我们只要在Groovy文件的导入声明上添加@Grab注解即可，在注解上我们需要添加Maven依赖的相关信息。依赖项默

【雕爷学编程】MicroPython手册之内置模块 random：随机数生成

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发布时间：2019年03月25日

来源：中国气象报社

　　2016年6月1日，印刻着“中国智造”的GRAPES全球预报系统（GRAPES_GFS V2.0）正式投入业务运行，这标志着GRAPES全球预报系统实现从科研阶段向业务运行阶段的转变。同时，这也是我国自主研发的全球数值预报模式结合业务实践反馈进一步优化创新的新开端。

　　2001年，中国气象局开始自主研发新一代全球/区域通用数值天气预报系统GRAPES，并在区域模式上取得成功。

　　2006年，GRAPES区域数值预报业务系统（GRAPES-Meso）正式投入业务运行。

　　2007年7月，GRAPES的研发全面进入全球模式系统发展阶段。

　　2014年，高分辨率资料同化与数值天气模式被确定为国家气象科技创新工程三大攻关任务之一，自主创新的脚步不断加快。

　　2016年，GRAPES全球预报系统正式投入业务运行并面向全国下发产品。

　　在GRAPES全球预报系统（GRAPES_GFS V2.0）业务化使用一年后，2017年5月，中国气象局被正式认定为世界气象中心（WMC）。目前，该系统已开始提供全球范围内的气象预报服务。通过利用GRAPES全球预报系统提供的数据产品，“一带一路”沿线国家能够监测分析各种灾害性天气事件，包括强降雨、暴雪、强风、干旱、高温热浪、极端低温等。

　　2018年7月，GRAPES全球四维变分同化系统实现业务化。作为新建立该业务系统的国家，我国已进入资料同化技术主流行列，并迈上了更高阶的资料同化开发平台。

　　目前，我国数值预报的水平仍与世界第一梯队存在差距。“不可能一口吃成胖子”，只有不断积累，持续追赶，才能加快创新步伐，赶超国际一流。

　　GRAPES_MESO 3km实时系统盐城阜宁龙卷风。管成功供图

　　按照清晰的路线图稳步前进——数值预报业务将朝着全球公里尺度分辨率、海陆气冰耦合数值模式系统、百米分辨率局地数值预报和多尺度集合预报方向发展。到2020年，再让模式本身的计算精度和同化技术上一个台阶，提高预报能力和水平，做到全球10公里分辨率，东亚范围3公里分辨率。

　　2018年11月28日，GRAPES全球集合预报系统完成业务化评审。至此，一套完整的GRAPES数值预报体系在我国建立。

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GRAPES：中国数值天气预报的新平台

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GRAPES：中国数值天气预报的新平台

日期 2008-12-09　来源：科学时报　作者：陈晨　【大中小】　【打印】　【关闭】

　　GRAPES，直译为“葡萄”，但对中国的气象工作者来说，这个词远远不止葡萄那么简单。在中国气象人的眼里，GRAPES代表着我国具有自主知识产权、面向21世纪的“新一代全球/区域多尺度通用同化与数值预报系统”。其中，GRAPES短时临近天气预报系统，曾作为唯一的中国发展的预报系统，加入世界气象组织北京2008年奥运会预报示范和研究示范计划，为奥运会提供气象服务。中国气象科学研究院院长张人禾告诉记者，GRAPES从科学方案、系统设计、程序编写调试到试验优化、工程实现，全部由中国科学家自主研究完成，体现了我国在数值预报领域自主创新能力的大幅增强。

　　气象现代化的重要标志

　　20世纪50年代以来，大气科学研究领域的一个重要成果就是在数学物理学基础上，建立了数值天气预报。简单说来，数值天气预报就是根据现有的天气状况和已知的初始条件，利用高性能计算机，求解控制大气运动的动力-热力学方程，从而得出未来一段时期内的天气形势和有关气象要素的客观定量预报方法。

　　经过半个多世纪的发展，数值天气预报已经成为天气预报的基础，也是气象现代化建设的重要标志之一。目前，先进的数值预报系统已有能力对未来7～9天内全球天气变化概貌作出可信的预报。数值预报模式还被应用于小至空气质量的预报、大至全球气候变化模拟与预估等多个方面，从而对地球与环境科学以及计算机科学的发展起到了推动作用。

　　张人禾指出，作为一个气象灾害频发的国家, 气象灾害给我国国民经济、社会发展以及人民的生命财产造成巨大损失。20世纪90年代以来，我国平均每年因各种气象灾害造成的农作物受灾面积达4800多万公顷，受灾人口约3.8亿人次，直接经济损失达1800多亿元，约占国内生产总值的2.7%。提高灾害天气的预报水平，是减轻和预防气象灾害最直接和最有效的途径。

　　但让气象工作者尴尬的是，我国在气象数值预报业务上取得的进步大多依靠的是国外的数值预报模式。

　　承担重任的气象数值预报创新基地

　　数值天气预报的发展不仅决定于大气科学基础理论研究，也取决于获取全球大气气象资料的空间气象卫星探测和反演技术、资料加工处理和进行计算的大型计算机技术，以及资料信息传播的通信技术等的发展，因此，一个国家数值天气预报水平的高低，除了反映该国大气科学基础理论研究水平的高低外，也是一个国家气象综合能力的集中体现。

　　张人禾说：“在20世纪80年代末到90年代初，我国就着手发展了数值天气预报业务，但业务预报的数值模式系统的主体框架从国外引进。由于引进的业务模式系统缺乏完整性和再开发性，我国数值天气业务预报水平与发达国家相比，在模式的性能、资料同化、模式预报准确率等方面均存在较大差距，极大地影响了我国气象业务与服务水平的提高，是制约我国气象现代化建设的瓶颈。”为此，科技部与中国气象局共同立项支持我国新一代气象数值预报的创新研究，国家自然科学基金委员会也在相关的基础理论研究上给予了大力支持。

　　中国气象局在中国气象科学研究院专门组建了国家气象数值预报创新基地，这个创新基地联合中国气象局、中国科学院、大学等业务和研究单位的100多位科学家，展开了全面的科技攻关。

　　不负众望的GRAPES

　　近年来，依靠中国科学家自己的力量，我国气象数值预报研究取得了快速进展，建立了具有自主知识产权的数值预报系统。在最近一期的《科学通报》上就集中发表了5篇GRAPES数值预报系统方面的研究论文。

　　作为中国新一代数值预报系统，GRAPES主要有4个创新点。

　　一是建立起我国首个具有能够直接同化卫星辐射观测资料的同化系统。张人禾说：“数值天气预报需要将遍布全球的各种观测数据与数值预报模式融合。而中国原来的数值预报系统不能有效兼容卫星和雷达数据，国家花费几十亿元发展的气象卫星和多普勒天气雷达无法在数值预报中有效使用，而新一代数值预报系统则可以把空中和地面的资料用到数值预报中。”

　　二是该模式设计吸取了国外先进模式的优点，采用了集约型的发展思路，建立了多尺度通用动力框架作为不同应用模式的共同基础,实现了静力与非静力可选,全球与有限区域可选, 水平与垂直分辨率可选的通用框架。

　　三是在提高预报准确率、可用预报时效和预报精细程度方面都有望取得较好的表现，新系统的水平精细度可以达到1～2公里，可以对台风、暴雨等强对流天气取得较好的预报结果。

　　四是具有自主知识产权，是一个可以自我更新、发展的数值预报模式系统。

　　张人禾说，基于GRAPES数值模式系统已经发展出一系列可运用于不同领域的数值预报系统。2006年正式投入国家级业务运行的GRAPES区域中尺度数值预报系统对热带气旋的路径类型、强度、登陆过程以及移向或移速突变等都表现出良好的预报性能，基本上可以准确地预报出我国沙尘暴的发生与发展。

　　“不过，中国数值天气预报还存在许多特殊问题，比如涉及青藏高原和西部干旱区的许多陆气相互作用问题，以及中国许多独有的天气和气候。这些问题的解决没有可照搬的理论和方法，需要进一步加强业务应用中的优化与针对中国特殊天气的原始创新。”张人禾说。

What Are Grapes? Nutrition, Health Benefits, Risks, and Types

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Diet & NutritionWhat Are Grapes? Nutrition, Health Benefits, Risks, and TypesBySheryl Huggins SalomonMedically ReviewedbyKayli Anderson, RDNon September 6, 2022Nutrition FactsHealth BenefitsJump to More TopicsWeight Loss EffectHealth RisksTypesHow to Grow at HomeHow to Select and StoreOther UsesHow to EatGrapes contain resveratrol, an antioxidant that may help fight disease.James Ross/StocksyThey’re nutritious, sweet as candy, and have been essential to the good life since the dawn of civilization. Served in fresh bunches, in dried snack-friendly nuggets or with their essence squeezed and fermented into intoxicating elixirs, grapes take on various forms to satisfy our appetites. Read on to learn more about them.What Are Grapes and Where Do They Come From?Grape plants, fruit-bearing vines from the Vitis genus of the Vitaceae family, have been with us so long that fossilized leaves, stems, and seeds have been found in Northern hemisphere deposits from the Neogene and Paleogene periods, which cover a stretch of time between 2.6 million and 65 million years ago. Their colorful globe-like, juicy, sugary berries are what we call grapes, whether they come in blue, purple, red, pink, green, or amber. (1)Grape cultivation began as early as 6500 B.C. Propelled by winemaking — the fermentation of grape juice into an alcoholic beverage — by 4000 B.C., cultivation had spread from Eastern Europe and Western Asia into the Nile delta region, after which the practice moved westward into Europe and eastward into China. (2,3) Grape wine was so important to the ancient Greeks and Romans that they worshipped a god of wine and pleasure, whom they called Dionysus and Bacchus, respectively. (4)After the fall of the Roman Empire, the role of wine in the Christian Mass helped grape cultivation flourish in Europe. The practice crossed the Atlantic with the European colonization of the Americas. (5) Today, Italy, France, and the United States are the world’s top producers of grapes. (6)

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Grape Nutrition Facts: Calories, Carbohydrates, and MoreGrapes are nutrition powerhouses. They are packed with vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant that plays key roles in immune system health, connective tissue development, and wound healing. (7,8) They’re also a source of vitamin K, which helps with blood clotting and maintaining healthy bones; as well as potassium, which is important kidney and heart function, muscle contraction, and nerve signal transmission. (9,10)Grapes are also rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body’s cells against oxidative stress, a mechanism linked to cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. In particular, darker grapes, such as Concord and purple varieties, are especially high in antioxidants. (11) Grapes are the perfect addition to your 1.5 to 2 cups of recommended daily fruit intake, per the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate guidelines.According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), these are the nutrition facts for 1 cup of red or green grapes, or 151 grams (g): (12)Calories: 104Protein: 1.1 g (2 percent daily value, or DV)Total fat: 0.24 gCarbohydrate: 27.3 gTotal dietary fiber: 1.4 g (5 percent DV)Sugars: 23.4 gPotassium: 288 milligrams (mg) (6 percent DV)Vitamin C: 4.8 mg (5 percent DV)Vitamin K: 22 micrograms (mcg) (18 percent DV)Your Guide to Vitamin CThe nutrient, found in strawberries and orange juice alike, is a go-to for cold sufferers seeking relief. But what’s the truth about the popular remedy?ArticleWhat Are the Possible Health Benefits of Grapes?The fruit, seeds, skins, and leaves of grape plants (Vitis vinifera) are purported to have many health benefits — some supported by research, and many more for which there is insufficient evidence, according to the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD). (13)Here are some the supposed health benefits for which the NMCD says there is evidence that grape products are possibly ineffective for:Hay feverNausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapyBreast PainOveractive BladderWeight lossNonetheless, according to the NMCD, grape seed and grape leaf extracts are possibly effective for addressing symptoms of poor blood flow in the legs, such as chronic venous insufficiency.A deeper dive into additional health claims that the NMCD cites reveals the following:Grapes May Lower Blood Pressure and Boost Heart HealthAlthough the NMCD notes there’s insufficient evidence that grapes can improve heart health and lower blood pressure, research so far suggests there may be promise. For example, a systematic review of randomized, controlled human trials found that a variation of grapes (grape seed extract) lowered participants’ systolic blood pressure (the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart beats) and heart rate. But the authors wrote that the extract has no effect on cholesterol or diastolic blood pressure. They called for larger studies over a longer period of time to confirm grape seed’s contribution to cardiovascular health. (14,15)A subsequent review of randomized, controlled human trial published in 2016 saw a beneficial impact on blood pressure, particularly in young and obese adults, and likewise called for larger, long-term studies of the extract. (16)A 2019 review of 15 studies involving 825 participants suggested that grape seed extract might help lower levels of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. The individual studies, however, were small in size, which could affect the interpretation of the results.But of course, none of these studies involved whole grapes, so don’t go eating them to improve heart health just yet.More on Preventing Heart Disease and DiabetesTips for Eating Right to Prevent Heart DiseaseGrapes May Help Lower the Risk of Type 2 DiabetesEating whole grapes may help lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A long-term study of over 190,000 healthy individuals concluded that eating more blueberries, grapes, and apples is “significantly associated” with a lower risk of developing the condition. (17)Blueberries, darker grapes, and apples are all rich in the pigment anthocyanin, a flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Additionally, grapes have a medium glycemic load (a measure of food’s ability to raise blood glucose) of 11 per serving. (18,19) Eaten in moderation, they can be part of a healthy diet that can help keep blood sugar under control.A Glass of Prevention? What the Benefits of Grape Suggest About WineWhat about all of the hype around red wine being heart-healthy? Large studies looking at whether wine drinkers were at lower risk of cardiovascular disease than beer or liquor drinkers have come to varying conclusions, so the jury is still out.Some studies have focused on the presence of resveratrol, an antioxidant compound that is present in wine, as well as red grape skins and juice. Yet a cohort study published in 2014, which looked at 783 people over age 65 who lived in Tuscany, Italy, and consumed a resveratrol-rich diet, found no link between the presence of the compound in their urine and rates of heart disease, cancer, and death. (20) Furthermore, there isn’t much evidence that ingesting resveratrol has much of an antioxidant effect inside of the human body either. (21)

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Can Grapes Help With Weight Loss? What the Science SuggestsEating grapes may give you an edge in maintaining a healthy weight. One study followed 124,086 men and women ages 27 to 65 for up to 24 years. Those people who upped their intake of certain types of flavonoids, including anthocyanin, gained less weight than those who did not. (17)More on Losing WeightThe Best and Worst Diets for Weight Loss and Overall HealthPlus, as sweet-tasting as grapes are, 10 of them will set you back only 34 calories and 9 g of carbohydrates — 2 and 3 percent, respectively, of your daily value based on a diet of 2,000 calories and 300 g of carbs per day. They make a great, fiber-rich substitute for a junk-food snack or sugary drink. (12)What Are the Side Effects and Health Risks Associated With Grapes?Because grapes contain vitamin K, they may affect the way that blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin), work in your body. You should not avoid grapes and other foods rich in vitamin K, but rather try to keep your intake of vitamin K about the same each day. You should also communicate with your doctor about your eating habits — and any supplements you are taking, such as grape seed extract — if you’re on blood thinner medication. (22,23)

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What Are the Types of Grape, and Are Oregon Grapes Among Them?There are approximately 8,000 varieties of grape grown across the globe. Among the most popular kinds are:The European grape (V. vinifera), which is the kind most commonly used in wine-making. From albariño to zinfandel, the varietals from which our favorite wines are fermented run the gamut of colors, shapes, and flavors. Many popular table grapes, including the Thompson seedless (the bestselling grape in the United States), are also variations of V. vinifera. (2)The fox grape (V. labrusca) is native to North America. Generally, its varieties are lower in sugar content and higher in acid than European grapes. The most popular variety of V. labrusca is the Concord grape. Blue-back in color, with an in-your-face sweetness, Concord grapes make fabulous jellies, jams, juices (think Welch’s), and kosher wines. (2,24)French-American hybrids came about because European grapes are on the delicate side, unable to withstand weather extremes and susceptible to diseases. French grapes, in particular, have been hybridized with hardier American grapes to form varietals such as chardonel and vidal blanc; and in some cases French varietals such as merlot and pinot noir have been grafted onto disease-resistant American rootstock. (2,25)The muscadine grape (V. rotundifolia) is a species from the American South that is known by its small, thick-skinned berries and musky flavor. It is made into juices, jellies, and dessert wines. (2,26)What About Oregon Grapes?Oregon grapes are not to be confused with any of the aforementioned plants, because they are not actually grapes at all. Instead of belonging to the Vitis genus, Oregon grapes belong to the unrelated Mahonia genus in the barberry family (Berberidaceae) of evergreen shrubs. Still, their blue-black berries do cluster like grapes, and can be made into jellies. (27,28)More Foods Like GrapesAvocadoBananaBroccoliKaleKiwiPomegranateStrawberriesWatermelonHow to Grow Grapes at HomeGrowing grapes at home takes patience and commitment, as you’ll be cultivating and tending to the vines and harvests for a number of years. They can live up to a century, or even longer. (29)To get started, choose a warm site protected from high winds that gets at least six to eight hours of sunlight per day. Construct a trellis or arbor before planting so the vines will have a support structure to train them to grow upward. Buy one-year-old plants that are suitable to your local climate and geography from a reputable nursery, preferably ones that are certified to be virus-free. You can find tips on what to do next in the The Old Farmer’s Almanac and at SFGate’s Home Guides. (29,30)How to Enjoy Grapes, and How to Select and Store the FruitWhen selecting grapes at the store or farmer’s market, look for bunches that have green, pliable stems and plump, firm berries. Don’t worry if they have a white, powdery coating on them. That’s “bloom,” which offers natural protection against decay. But if they are soft, puckered, or brown in appearance, they are probably heading toward rot or raisin territory. (31)Store unwashed grapes dry in the refrigerator and then rinse them thoroughly before eating them. They’ll keep on your counter about three to five days, in the refrigerator 5 to 10 days, and in the freezer three to five months. (31,32) Freezing then brings out the sweetness, and they make a great frozen snack for a hot summer day, or a healthy alternative to juice pops for children (cut them in half for those ages 5 and under).

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What Else Can You Do With Grapes Besides Eat Them Whole?Grapes are versatile! They make great wine, juices, vinegars, jellies, jams, and raisins. Their leaves make great wraps for rice and other tasty fillings. You can:Use your oven to dry grapes into raisins.Make your own muscadine wine.Cook up and can a batch of Concord jelly.Better yet, turn wine to vinegar and liven your salads.And don’t forget to preserve the grape leaves!How Do You Prepare Meals With Grapes? Tips and Grape Recipe IdeasEven if you’re in less of a DIY mood, there are plenty of other ways to enjoy grapes in side dishes, mains, and desserts. NEWSLETTERSSign up for our Diet and Nutrition Newsletter!Enter your emailSubscribeBy subscribing you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Editorial Sources and Fact-CheckingEveryday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.Resources Grape. Britannica.Grapes: A Brief History. Integrated Pest Management: University of Missouri. August 7, 2013.McGovern P, Underhill P, Fang H et al. Chemical Identification and Cultural Implications of a Mixed Fermented Beverage From Late Prehistoric China [PDF]. Asian Perspectives. Fall 2005.Dionysus. Britannica.Wine. Britannica.Where Are Grapes Grown? World Atlas. June 1, 2018.Harvest of the Month [PDF]. California Department of Public Health. 2011.Vitamin C. National Institutes of Health. March 26, 2021.Vitamin K. National Institutes of Health. March 22, 2021.Potassium. National Institutes of Health. March 22, 2021.Callaghan C, Leggett R, Levin R. A Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Concord, Purple, Red, and Green Grapes Using the CUPRAC Assay. Antioxidants. December 2013.Grapes, Red or Green (European Type, Such as Thompson Seedless), Raw. U.S. Department of Agriculture. April 1, 2019.Grape. MedlinePlus. July 1, 2022.Grape Seed Extract. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. August 2020.Feringa HH, Laskey DA, Dickson JE, et al. The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Cardiovascular Risk Markers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. August 2011.Zhang H, Liu S, Li L. The Impact of Grape Seed Extract Treatment on Blood Pressure Changes. Medicine. August 2016.Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson J, et al. Fruit Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Studies. BMJ. August 29, 2013.Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for 100+ Foods [PDF]. Oregon State University.Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load. Oregon State University. March 2016.Semba R, Ferrucci L, Benedetta B, et al. Resveratrol Levels and All-Cause Mortality in Older Community-Dwelling Adults. JAMA Internal Medicine. July 2014.Resveratrol. Oregon State University. June 2015.Warfarin (Coumadin) and Your Diet [PDF]. Michigan Medicine: University of Michigan. January 2022.Why Vitamin K Can Be Dangerous if You Take Warfarin. Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials. October 28, 2019.Health and Nutrition. Welch’s.Winemakers Protect Outlawed Vines: The Grapes of Wrath. The New York Times. September 25, 2004.Muscadines May Be the Best Grapes You’ve Never Tasted. NPR. September 26, 2017.Oregon Grape. Britannica.Mahonia Aquifolium. Britannica.How Long Do Grapevines Live? SFGate.Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Grapes. The Old Farmer’s Almanac.All About Grapes. California Table Grape Commission.How Long Do Grapes Last? Eat By Date.Additional SourcesAsbaghi O, Nazarian B, Reiner Z, et al. The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on Glycemic Control, Serum Lipoproteins, Inflammation, and Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Phytotherapy Research. December 26, 2016.Homemade Raisins How-To. HGTV.Old-Fashioned Muscadine Wine. The Spruce Eats. September 13, 2021.Grape Expectations: How to Make Grape Jelly. HGTV.DIY Wine Vinegar. The Spruce Eats. May 12, 2019.The Easiest Way to Harvest and Preserve Fresh Grape Leaves. The Spruce Eats. September 24, 2020.Show Less

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