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牛年的“牛”,英语到底是cow、bull还是ox、cattle ?? - 知乎
牛年的“牛”,英语到底是cow、bull还是ox、cattle ?? - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册牛年的“牛”,英语到底是cow、bull还是ox、cattle ??维夕雅思今年是 年,说到“牛”小伙伴们脑海里肯定冒出了很多词,比如ox,bull,cow,cattle,buffalo,calf...有这么多“牛”,那“牛年”的“牛”用哪个呢?是未阉割的公牛,亦指其他雄性动物。西班牙盛行的“斗牛”就是bullfight,而“斗牛士”是bullfighter。(图源:中国日报网)我们常说的“牛市”(多头市场)就是 bull market;而 “熊市”(空头市场)则是 bear market。之所以选择这两种动物,一种说法是在西方古代文明中,牛代表力量、财务和希望,熊则代表抑制狂热、消化自身、见机重生。汉语中有“吹牛”一词,在英语里就可以用bull,表示“假话,瞎话;胡说。例:People are saying that he stole the money, but that's a bunch of bull.人们都说他偷了那笔钱,其实那纯属胡说。指母牛、奶牛,或大型雌性动物(如象或鲸象、鲸、海豹等)。a herd of cows 一群母牛;milk the cows 挤牛奶;(图源:中国日报网) ▶ have a cow说某人 have a cow 的时候,可不是在说他有一头奶牛,而是指他 “暴跳如雷” 或 “焦虑不安”。例句:Don't have a cow—it's no big deal.别发火,没什么大不了。My mother will have a cow if we get a stain on the new sofa.如果我们把新沙发弄脏了,我妈会生气的。▶ till the cows come home这个短语是指 “很长时间” 。例句:My wife was talking on the phone with her sister till the cows came home last night!昨晚我妻子和她姐姐打电话聊得没完没了!You can talk till the cows come home, but you’ll never persuade me to go with you!就算你一直说下去,也永远不能说服我跟你走!指阉割过的公牛(即常用于干农活的阉牛),也可以用来通称牛,复数形式是oxen。“牛年”可以说:Year of the Ox时常有同学把牛年翻译成“Year of the Cow”或是“Year of the Bull”,这样牛年就成了母牛年或公牛年了。所以,翻译成“Year of the Ox”应当说不会引起歧异。(图源:中国日报网)指菜牛或奶牛,本身就是复数名词,一群牛可以说“a herd of cattle”;而养牛的牧场可以说“a cattle ranch”。beef/dairy cattle 肉/奶牛;指小牛、牛犊,也可以指大型动物的仔、幼兽。母牛怀孕可以说a cow in/with calf。kill the fatted calf 设宴庆祝(或欢迎);给予款待;怎样表达我属牛?在向别人介绍自己的生肖时要注意,表达特定生肖年时,year of the (animal) 的 「the」不可以省略喔!例:I was born in the Year of the Ox.我是在牛年出生的。(图源:中国日报网)▶ like a bull in a china shopbull是公牛的意思,不过,china shop 可不是中国店,这里的china是瓷器的意思。瓷器很容易被弄碎,所以进入瓷器店的人都很小心,但是如果是一头牛进入了瓷器店,可以想像瓷器的命运。所以,like a bull in a china shop(就像是在瓷器店裡的牛)是形容笨手笨脚、鲁莽闯祸的人。例:The new housemaid is like a bull in a China shop.新来的女佣是个毛手毛脚的人。除了说一个人笨手笨脚外,like a bull in a china shop还可以用来指一个人的举止、言谈过于直率,根本不注意是否会冒犯别人!例:She's like a bull in a china shop. She'll storm in there and upset the client.她的个性很鲁莽。她会冲进会议室来,把客户惹翻的。▶ Cock and bull story我们知道cock是公鸡,bull是公牛,公鸡和公牛能有什么故事呢?这个词最早可追溯到1620年,英国有一间酒馆的名字就叫“Cock and bull story”,这里旅客经常聚在一起讲一些旅途中的奇闻轶事。久而久之,cock and bull story就变成了无稽之谈、鬼话连篇的意思,和动物本身没有直接关系。例:He admitted that he had invented a cock and bull story.他承认他编造了一个荒诞不经的故事。Shoot the bull想象一下挤在牛舍里的一群牛,用鼻孔互相喷气并发出哞哞的声音,看起来舒适又惬意,好像我们平时和朋友闲聊的样子,所以shoot the breeze/bull就是“闲聊,瞎扯”的意思,可以理解为友好地谈天说地作为消遣,主要是聊一些无关紧要,不会引发争论的内容。例:You spend too much time shooting the bull.你们花在闲谈上的时间太多了。好啦,看完今天的内容,是不是又涨姿势啦? 发布于 2021-02-23 18:04英语翻译牛IELTS(雅思)赞同 97 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请
oxen是什么意思_oxen的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典
是什么意思_oxen的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录oxen是什么意思_oxen用英语怎么说_oxen的翻译_oxen翻译成_oxen的中文意思_oxen怎么读,oxen的读音,oxen的用法,oxen的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津oxenTOEFL英 [ˈɒksən]美 [ˈɑksən]释义n.牛,公牛(ox的复数)大小写变形:Oxen点击 人工翻译,了解更多 人工释义实用场景例句全部公牛The oxen were shot or poleaxed.牛被枪打死或用屠斧砍死.期刊摘选For many weeks we had been accustomed to seeing horses and oxen in that district.好几个星期在那个地区我们经常能看到马和公牛.期刊摘选Abe wagon . Sometimes he patted the faithful oxen as they pulled their heavy load.车前进着,艾贝看到牛拉着车上那么重的货,不时地轻轻拍拍那两头忠实勤恳的牛.期刊摘选In the country, water wheels turned by oxen are common.在农村, 牛拉的水车是很普遍的.期刊摘选People used camels, oxen and elephants to travel over land.人们使用骆驼 、 公牛和大象来作为交通工具.期刊摘选He is as strong as oxen.他健壮得如牛一样.《简明英汉词典》They found Him in a manger where oxen feed on hay.他们发现他在牛槽里,就是牛群吃草的地方.期刊摘选As consecrated gifts there six hundred oxen and three thousand sheep.还有祝圣的牲畜:牛犊六百只,羊三千只.期刊摘选These oxen are marked out for slaughter.这些牛是挑出来屠宰的.期刊摘选Your work is seeing these oxen.你的工作是看这些牛.辞典例句The farmer yoked the oxen.那个农夫给牛加上轭.《简明英汉词典》The two oxen were yoked together.那两头牛给套在一起.期刊摘选He approached the Buddha and said to him: " May be you've seen my oxen, ascetic? "他走向佛陀说: ‘ 沙门,也许你已经看到我的牛了 吧 ! ’期刊摘选And Moses took the wagons and the oxen, and gave them unto the Levites.民7:6于是摩西收了车和牛 、 交给利未人.期刊摘选The clay oxen plunge into the sea and vanish.泥牛入海无消息.辞典例句Doth God take care for oxen?难道神所挂念的是牛麽?期刊摘选The farmer continued solidly yoking his oxen.农夫继续不动声色地给牛驾轭.期刊摘选The oxen moved slowly in heat, and had to be goaded on by their drivers.在酷暑下牛群行动缓慢, 赶牲口的人得用刺棒把它们赶着走.期刊摘选As a farmer, you should learn how to yoke the oxen together.作为农民, 你应该学会怎样把一对牛用轭连起来.期刊摘选He was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen, and he himself was driving the twelfth pair.在他前头有十二对牛, 自己赶着第十二对.期刊摘选Old oxen have stiff horn.老牛角硬.期刊摘选The men hitched the oxen up and started the long, slow journey in the wagons.人们套上了牛就坐着牛车开始了那漫长而又缓慢的旅行.期刊摘选Every farmer knows how to yoke the oxen together.每个家民都知道怎样把牛拴在一起.《简明英汉词典》Ploughs are pulled by tractors, or in some countries by oxen.犁由拖拉机牵引, 在一些国家则用牛来拉.《简明英汉词典》There were several oxen on the road.路上有几头牛.《简明英汉词典》He hooked two oxen up to the cart.他把两头牛套到大车上.期刊摘选A pair of oxen, yoked together was used in the plough.两头牛被轭套在一起用于耕犁.期刊摘选You sometimes see oxen pulling carts in southern Europe.在南欧,有时可看到用牛拉车.辞典例句He wanted to have a look at the two oxen, both ruminating without raising their eyes.他想看看那两头牛,它们都在反刍,眼睛都不抬一下。柯林斯例句收起实用场景例句英英释义Noun1. domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age;"so many head of cattle""wait till the cows come home""seven thin and ill-favored kine"- Bible"a team of oxen"收起英英释义释义实用场景例句英OXEN在剑桥英语词典中的解释及翻译
OXEN在剑桥英语词典中的解释及翻译
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oxen 在英语中的意思
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/ˈɒk.sən/ us
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/ˈɑːk.sən/
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plural of
ox
(oxen在剑桥高级学习词典和同义词词典中的解释 © Cambridge University Press)
oxen的例句
oxen
In the sugar fields, oxen replaced tractors in hauling cane to the mills, and bagasse was used as fuel to conserve oil.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Because of the central role of oxen in this system, there is a greater integration of livestock breeding with land husbandry.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Traction was provided by two oxen which were managed by two labourers.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
There are fascinating details about breeding, trade and military potential of the horse, the elephant, dromedaries, oxen and other animals important to the military commissariat.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
A skeleton carrying a banner with another skull and crossed bones rides one of the oxen.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
On the other hand, husbandry flourished by raising goats, sheep, oxen, horses, swine and other animals.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Rights to oxen more than rights to land define farmer's resource management strategies.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Two dummy variables are created with households having two or more oxen being a reference category.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Clearly, households with more oxen are able to carry out timely land preparation operations and attract more non-farm labor through exchange of oxen.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Someone's guarantee or asset ownership (especially oxen) was needed to qualify for informal credit.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
For example, terraces lower the surface area available for planting, and often make tractor and oxen use more difficult.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Three thousand years ago domesticated oxen and horses and carts had become an important means of overland transport.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
The households were stratified according to their number of oxen, a vital asset used for cultivation.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
In the above study, an attempt was made to overcome this problem by taking the average of several oxen.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Results are pooled data from k individuals of each type compared individually against single oxen (420 kg) on 12-120 days.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
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veggie burger
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/
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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/
a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape
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私人的互联网——Oxen - 知乎
私人的互联网——Oxen - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册私人的互联网——Oxen奇变偶不变有事请私信,不做任何推荐谢谢黑客技术提高,政府机构的区块链工具也越来越好,甚至一些采取另外措施使用冷存储(hardware wallet)的人,最近也在互联网上被泄露了他们的个人信息。隐私比以往任何时候都重要。随着加密和数字经济的兴起,保护隐私将成为这项技术成功的最关键因素之一。公牛一种处于更私人的数字世界中心的私人加密货币就此诞生。什么 Oxen?Oxen是一个匿名协议与先进的工具,以建立一个更加私人的互联网。这些工具包括1.一个名为Session的安全加密的消息传递平台2.一个名为Lokinet的网络匿名层3.一个名为Blink的私人即时支付机制这些都使公牛成为市场上最快、最匿名的隐私加密货币之一。OXEN代币是体验的核心,使全球的用户和开发人员都可以利用去中心化区块链网络的强大功能,不会面临暴露私人或个人信息的风险,工作,浏览网络或与朋友聊天都无需担心信息泄露给网络犯罪分子。Oxen协议依赖于称为Pulse的创新性权益证明机制。 Pulse本质上是OXEN加密货币以及所有连接的隐私产品和服务。通过技术堆栈,Oxen为开发社区提供了各种功能强大的开源工具和库,以实现颠覆性的新隐私技术。Oxen StakingOxen token最具价值的的方面至于其标定功能,通过锁定Oxen token和运行oxen服务器节点,巩固网络安全和增强网络安全防御力。Staking也是通过公牛网络提供的各种服务如Session、Blink和Lokinet的核心。现在,公牛节点贡献者甚至可以加入$FLIP空投,提供了更多的投资动机。Blink,Session,LokinetBlink是Oxen网络的革命性即时匿名支付系统。使用Blink,交易可以瞬间完成,丝毫不影响隐私或安全性。Session是一个完全去中心化私人用户消息传递平台。服务节点同时协助消息路由和临时消息存储,然后通过服务节点网络进行路由,从而混淆发送者和接收者的身份。如果收件人不在线,则会进行服务节点“分组”,以允许离线消息同步。Session的专业版也已计划推出,其高级功能面向希望保护更隐秘的个人信息的用户。Lokinet是一种功能强大的通用洋葱路由器,利用Oxen服务节点作为路由器。加密的数据包通过多个服务节点进行路由,因此,没有任何一台服务器可以知道数据包的发送者和接收者。因为Oxen服务节点是通过放样来激励的,所以它们尽可能地可靠。开发人员可以使用这些工具构建例如Zoom或Slack的完全私有且去中心化的版本,以及其他协作应用程序。创新的潜力是无限的,而一切都围绕着隐私性。发布于 2021-09-26 14:44区块链(Blockchain)数字货币比特币 (Bitcoin)赞同 3添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请
牛年的牛用ox、cow还是bull? - 知乎
牛年的牛用ox、cow还是bull? - 知乎首发于你和宝宝说英语切换模式写文章登录/注册牛年的牛用ox、cow还是bull?北大双语妈妈小雅伦敦政治经济学院 经济学硕士作者:小雅和英美友人在英文媒体中,三个单词都有被使用,但是ox最普遍,这可能和中国的农耕文明中,ox-耕牛最常见有关。(1) Ox 耕牛;被阉割的公牛Ox的复数形式是oxen。The oxen groaned under the weight of the plow.耕牛在沉重的犁下哼哼。(2) Cow 母牛Dairy farmers have to get up early in the morning to milk their cows.奶农们每天早上要很早起床给牛挤奶。各种共牛、母牛、小牛同时出现时,用cow指代:That's a lot of cows.有好多牛啊。(3) Bull 公牛He let the bull into the pen with the cows to mate.他把公牛赶紧围栏与母牛交配。(4) Buffalo 水牛水牛是野生的;复数形式既可以用buffalo,和单数形式一样,也可以用buffaloes。You can find wild buffalo across the North American plains.你可以在北美平原上看到野生水牛。(5) Cattle 牛群;牛的统称属于集合名词。Watch out, the farmer is moving his cattle across the road.注意,农夫正在驱赶牛群过马路。(6) Calf 小牛The calf is constantly at his mother's side.小牛总是呆在妈妈身边。发布于 2021-02-23 17:29英语英语学习亲子教育赞同添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录你和宝宝说英语北大宝妈小雅和英美友人,帮您自创家庭英语
Ox | Domestic, Livestock, Bovine | Britannica
Ox | Domestic, Livestock, Bovine | Britannica
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AZ Animals - Ox
University of Wisconsin Stevens Point - The Department of Biology - Vertebrate Collection- Bos taurus - Humpless Domestic Cattle
Also known as: Bos taurus
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oxen
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Animals & Nature
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Brahman
pack animal
aurochs
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ox, (Bos taurus, or B. taurus primigenius), a domesticated form of the large horned mammals that once moved in herds across North America and Europe (whence they have disappeared) and Asia and Africa, where some still exist in the wild state. South America and Australia have no wild oxen. Oxen are members of the Bovidae family.
The castrated male of B. taurus is a docile form especially useful as a draft animal in many less developed parts of the world. Oxen are also used for food in some areas.
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OXEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
OXEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
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/ˈɒk.sən/ us
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ox
(Definition of oxen from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of oxen
oxen
In the sugar fields, oxen replaced tractors in hauling cane to the mills, and bagasse was used as fuel to conserve oil.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Because of the central role of oxen in this system, there is a greater integration of livestock breeding with land husbandry.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Traction was provided by two oxen which were managed by two labourers.
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There are fascinating details about breeding, trade and military potential of the horse, the elephant, dromedaries, oxen and other animals important to the military commissariat.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
A skeleton carrying a banner with another skull and crossed bones rides one of the oxen.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
On the other hand, husbandry flourished by raising goats, sheep, oxen, horses, swine and other animals.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Rights to oxen more than rights to land define farmer's resource management strategies.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Two dummy variables are created with households having two or more oxen being a reference category.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Clearly, households with more oxen are able to carry out timely land preparation operations and attract more non-farm labor through exchange of oxen.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Someone's guarantee or asset ownership (especially oxen) was needed to qualify for informal credit.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
For example, terraces lower the surface area available for planting, and often make tractor and oxen use more difficult.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Three thousand years ago domesticated oxen and horses and carts had become an important means of overland transport.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The households were stratified according to their number of oxen, a vital asset used for cultivation.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
In the above study, an attempt was made to overcome this problem by taking the average of several oxen.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Results are pooled data from k individuals of each type compared individually against single oxen (420 kg) on 12-120 days.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
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Ox - New World Encyclopedia
Ox - New World Encyclopedia
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Previous (Owl)Next (Oxidation state) Draft Zebus (Bos primigenius indicus or B. taurus indicus) in Mumbai, India.
Narrowly defined, an ox (plural: Oxen) is any adult, castrated male of domesticated cattle (Bos taurus or Bos primigenius) that is trained as a draft animal. However, the term also is used in a broader sense to refer variously to any domesticated form of large bovid (family Bovidae), including buffalo and bison, or any large, usually horned bovine animal (subfamly Bovinae) used for draught, or to the castrated male of any member of the Bos genus. In this article, the term oxen mainly will be limited to adult, castrated male cattle used as draft animals. Some require that the castrated male needs to have reached the age of four years old to be considered an ox.
The ox has been a loyal companion and servant for human beings for many years. They are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, threshing grain by trampling, powering machines for grinding grain, irrigation or other purposes, and drawing carts and wagons. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting. In the past, teams might have been larger, with some teams exceeding twenty animals when used for logging. In earlier centuries, oxen were used extensively to move freight and to pull covered wagons for emigrants. When the animals died, they often were used for food.
In many cases, the benefit received by the oxen (safety, food, and shelter) has been small relative to the sacrifice entailed. They have been, in many ways, an altruistic animal that benefit humankind. However, some cultures have learned to care for the ox. Among these are those that practice Hinduism, whereby cattle are considered sacred and are protected from harm.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Raising
3 Use
4 References
5 Credits
Terminology
The term ox commonly refers to a member of the cattle species of the subfamily Bovinae and family Bovidae. There are two basic extant forms known as cattle, the European cattle (Bos taurus or B. primigenius taurus) and the Zebu (Bos taurus indicus, B. primigenius indicus, or B. indicus). These are variously considered as subspecies of one species (either Bos taurus or Bos primigenius) or as separate species (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). As a member of this group, oxen are even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals), domesticated, ruminants, and have two horns on their heads.
Generally, cattle that are female over the age of two are known as "cows," adult males (not castrated) are called "bulls," young cattle are called "calves," and castrated males are called "steer." However, if a castrated adult male is kept for draft purposes it is known as an ox. As a result of castration, these tend to be docile and more muscular.
At one time, the term ox commonly was used as the singular noun for any domestic bovine. That is, the term cattle itself is a mass noun, rather than a plural, and there is no singular equivalent in modern English other than the various gender and age-specific terms (bull, cow, calf, and so on). Thus, ox was used as the singular noun for the domestic bovine, while the term bull referred to a male ox and cow to a female ox. That this was once the standard name for domestic bovines is shown in place names such as Oxford. But "ox" is now rarely used in this general sense.
A Zebu bull in Pune, India
While the term ox commonly is used today for any domesticated cattle that are used for draft purposes, ox is an imprecisely defined term and appears in other uses. For instance, it is used at times for any domesticated large bovid. Bovids comprise the largest family of hoofed mammals, Bovidae, and include such large representatives as bison, buffalo, water buffalo, yak, and cattle. These are also in the subfamily Bovinae, and ox may be used to refer to any large, usually horned bovine used for draught. True horns are found only among the ruminant artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope, and so on), so in the broadest sense it can be said that ox refers to the domesticated form of any large, horned mammal.
Some in the United States consider the term ox to refer to any mature castrated male of the domestic cattle family or the genus Bos (thus including Bos indicus) after the age of four years old, with the animal considered a steer prior to that time (Conroy 2005). Van Ord (2005) similarly considers the accepted terminology today to be an ox that is of least four years of age but stipulates that it also must be trained. Likewise, in New England and Maritime Canada, the term oxen often refers to trained steers at least four years of age. Prior to age four, they are referred to as "handy steers." Others include any castrated member of the Bos genus as an ox at any age as long as it is used as a draft animal and for food (since oxen were usually eaten at the end of their lives) (Conroy 2005). In Australia and elsewhere, an ox is a called a "bullock" (Conroy 2005).
Raising
In order to become oxen, cattle must learn to respond appropriately to the teamster's (ox driver's) signals. (The term "teamster" originally referred to a person who drove a team of draft animals, usually a wagon drawn by oxen, horses, or mules, but the word currently refers mainly to professional truck drivers.) These signals are given by verbal command, body language, and the use of a goad stick or whip.
In pre-industrial times, many teamsters were known for their voices and language. In North America, the most common verbal commands are (1) get up (go), (2) whoa (stop), (3) back up, (4) gee (turn to the right), and (5) haw (turn to the left). In the New England tradition, oxen must be painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow.
In other countries and ox training traditions, adult cattle with little or no prior human conditioning are often yoked and trained as oxen. This is done for economy, as it is easier to let a calf be raised by its mother, and for lack of adequate methods for housing and feeding young calves.
A tradition in south eastern England was to use oxen (often Sussex cattle) as dual purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. Every year, a pair of steers would be bought at about three years of age, and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for four years, then at about seven years old they would be sold to be fattened for beef—thus covering much of the cost of buying the new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in some areas of England (such as the South Downs) until the early twentieth century (Copper 1971).
Ox trainers favor larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males, because castrated males are generally larger. Females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller, they are often more useful for producing calves and milk. Fertile males (bulls) are also used in many parts of the world.
Use
Riding an ox in Hova, Sweden.
Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses, particularly on obstinate or almost unmovable loads. This is one of the reasons that ox teams were dragging logs from forests long after horses had taken over most other draught uses in Europe and North America. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed and do not try to jerk the load.
Likewise, oxen were often the choice of emigrants traveling west by covered wagon in the mid-1800s in the United States. Horses were considered ineffective because they could not live off prairie grasses. Mules could live off prairie grasses, and were faster than oxen, which only traveled about two miles an hour, but many considered mules to have a cantankerous disposition and to not have the staying power of oxen. And thus oxen—strong, docile, inexpensive, and able to live off grass or sage—were used by many travelers (Trinklein 2003). As emigrant Peter Burnett remarks (Trinklein 2003):
The ox is a most noble animal, patient, thrifty, durable, gentle and does not run off. Those who come to this country will be in love with their oxen. The ox will plunge through mud, swim over streams, dive into thickets and he will eat almost anything.
In the middle nineteenth century in the United States, the three major freight lines used ox teams because they could pull freight for half the cost of horse or mule teams, and were less likely to be stolen. The freight lines were purchasing over 150,000 head of steers each year for oxen (Van Ord 2002).
"Japanese ox" is an Australian term used for grain fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Conroy, D. 2005. What is an ox? Rural Heritage. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
Copper, B. 1971. A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex Farming Family. London: Heinemann. ISBN 043414455X.
Trinklein, M. 2003. Power. Horse? Mule? Oxen? The Oregon Trail. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
Van Ord, H. 2002. Working Cattle in Early America. Rural Heritage. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, NJ: Plexus Publishing. ISBN 0937548081.
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如何评价游戏Oxenfree? - 知乎
如何评价游戏Oxenfree? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册单机游戏如何评价游戏Oxenfree?首先是被这款游戏画面吸引,画风比较清新,昨天才开始玩,觉得剧情应该很棒,虽然说是恐怖向的游戏,但是看着一点都不恐怖,可能是还没有深入剧情,大家觉得这款…显示全部 关注者152被浏览102,941关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题 2添加评论分享16 个回答默认排序RED韵漫画等 6 个话题下的优秀答主 关注Indie Game Tide Vol.18OxenfreePrologue“当我年轻的时候,我记得任何事。不论它是否发生过。”——马克·吐温[1]直到故事的最后一刻,我都以为亚历克斯[2]逃出了爱德华岛[3]的诅咒,虽然她没能拉近和乔纳斯[4]的感情,也没能改变兄长麦克[5]溺水而亡的命运,但她毕竟救下了每一位同去伙伴的命(包括克拉丽莎[6]),还促成了雷恩和诺娜的约会,而当屏幕如同陈旧录像带般撕裂之后,我才终于明白这只不过是一场幻觉。[7]她仍然身处“土拨鼠之日”[8]内,一次又一次经历这相同的一晚而不自知。[9]“Oxenfree”如何翻译是个让人头疼的问题,这个词来自于“Olly olly oxen free”这个习语,是儿童玩游戏时候类似歌谣的东西,就像汉语中玩“丢手绢”时候众人一起念诵的那句“丢呀丢呀丢手绢”。只不过与这句意思不同的是,“Oxenfree”是用来表示回合/游戏结束的一种说法,例如在“捉迷藏”的时候,告诉躲着的小孩这一回合结束,不必再躲藏了。之所以用这个词作为游戏的标题,也并非随意为之。如果我们将亚历克斯等五人组在爱德华岛上的冒险看成一次游戏(他们最初来到岛上也确实是如此设想的),或者是游戏的某一回合,“Oxenfree”就完全可以视为游戏的目标:逃离爱德华岛。只不过如前所述,究竟要如何安全撤离,仍然是一个谜。80s Teen Thriller Gone Weird“Oxenfree”是夜校工作室[10]的处女作,也许你对这家独立游戏工作室并不熟悉,但其成员却大有来头,主笔及创意总监亚当·海恩斯[11]来自Telltale,曾经执笔过《无主之地传奇》[12]的剧本,他的表弟兼工作室另一位创始人肖恩·科兰克[13]则带来了自己从迪士尼[14]和环球影业[15]十八年的从业经验。当两个人的才华碰撞到一起后,《Oxenfree》就此诞生,这部作品的风格也融合了Telltale一以贯之的强大叙事能力、迪士尼的美术风格以及环球影业的编剧能力,成为一款极为独特的独立游戏作品。故事以五个少年的荒岛之旅为始,直到海滩的一场戏结束,亚历克斯以无线电撕开时空的裂隙之前,你都会以为这是一部再典型不过的惊悚剧:一群胆大妄为的年轻人来到一片废弃之地胡闹,惊扰了隐藏于此的未知力量,随后被一个接一个干掉。《Oxenfree》巧妙地借用了恐怖电影的叙事套路,却并没有止步于此,与这一类型电影中行为乖张令人厌恶的年轻主角们(你甚至会期待隐藏在暗处的反派主角尽可能残忍地杀掉他们)不同,亚历克斯一行人虽然对于此行有着不尽相同的期待,也有着相互之间深层的情感冲突与各自的成长问题需要面对。而这些问题不仅会在游戏过程中渐渐得到揭示,也将与爱德华岛上的神秘力量构成一组奇妙的比对,由单纯的艰难求生,拓展到人际关系、乃至道德选择的层面。亚历克斯与克拉丽莎之间的冲突是五人关系中最为重要的,克拉丽莎认为正是亚历克斯的失察,让其兄麦克(克拉丽莎当时的男友)在与自己共赴纽约读书之前的旅行中溺死于爱德华岛畔。而造成美国军舰卡那罗号[16]遭受友军火力的罪魁祸首,在某种意义上成为岛主,并在游戏事件发生三天前死亡的玛格丽特·阿德勒[17],和亚历克斯一样背负着无辜者的性命,她对于消失在时空缝隙中的卡罗那号孜孜不倦的追寻,构成了与亚历克斯逃离本岛截然相反的两条故事线,并通过岛上的一系列诡异现象统一起来。游戏最为精彩的地方,也恰恰是每次卡罗那号军舰上被困于另一位面的军舰官兵突破两个世界缝隙附身于亚历克斯一行人身上的瞬间。此时的画面往往从唯美的迪士尼风格转向复古的80年代科幻配色,屏幕拉伸碎裂,画面时而扭曲、时而上下颠倒。智识退化到孩童水平,只求脱离束缚,甚至不惜抢占亚历克斯一行人躯体的军舰官兵透过岛上广播表达着自己的绝望与愤怒。他们当然有理由去愤怒,因为击沉这艘军舰的是友军炮火,而误报敌情的是当时在岛上通信塔担任瞭望员的玛格丽特·阿德勒。他们之所以会附身在克拉丽莎身上,也是因为她正经历着同样程度的绝望与愤怒,面对其男友麦克溺毙的命运却束手无策,同时也将这一切归罪于未能及时做出应对的亚历克斯。而玛格丽特在调查另一位面的军舰时,也经历了类似的绝望,她从儿时起的好友,其后成为助手的安娜·谢伊[18](两人或许存在超过友情的感情)在调查中被吸入时空裂隙里,让玛格丽特悔恨终身。三条故事线穿插交错,深浅各异,亚历克斯一行五人脱出过程为表,军舰官兵的悲剧命运为里,玛格丽特与安娜的际遇则位于整个故事的底层,只有在收集玛格丽特遗留在岛上的十三封信件之后才可能一窥全貌。但正是后两条线索的存在,才让《Oxenfree》的故事不至于停留在一次单纯的恐怖冒险,而是从反向再一次提出贯穿整个作品的问题:我们要如何面对生命中突如其来的不幸,并继续生活下去?Seamless Flow《Oxenfree》的核心游戏机制其实非常简单,只有两个部分:“对话”和“调频”,调频相对简单,一方面,亚历克斯手中的无线电台在游戏中扮演着万能钥匙的角色,玩家需要用它来开启门扉(想起《食蛇者》[19]中的越狱桥段没有?),召唤鬼魂,解开谜题;另一方面,亚历克斯需要调节游戏中音频放送装置的速率以脱离时间循环。相对于大多数传统美式冒险游戏的谜题设计,《Oxenfree》只需要左右调节频率位置/播放速率的桥段实在很难称得上是什么谜题,但这部分的相对简化是刻意为之,目的则是凸显作品的真正核心:对话。在游戏画面正式出现之前,雷恩那略显神经质却热情十足的声音就已经开始唠唠叨叨起来,没错,他的这张嘴会一路陪伴你(除非他被军舰官兵的鬼魂附身)直到游戏的结尾。当然,这并不算出奇,全程配音和大文字量的作品数不胜数,但《Oxenfree》的精彩,就在于它做到了一件事:融合游戏的实际操作与剧情对话。这里所说的融合,指的是你再也见不到两个角色对面而立、专心致志、你一言我一语,在结束对话之前,你什么都做不了,只能一次又一次地按下确定键观看下一段对话。夜校工作室所追求的,是更为贴近真实的对话。在雷恩说话的时候,亚历克斯可以在整个场景中自由行动,她对雷恩所说对白的态度,会不时以对话泡的形式出现在自己的头顶,并在切换话题后逐渐淡化消失。玩家既可以在对话泡存在的时候按下手柄右侧对应位置的三个按钮(PC/Xbox One版是X、Y、B;PS4版是方块、三角、圆圈)来做出回复,一旦你按下按键,亚历克斯就会打断小伙伴们的发言,说出自己的想法,当然,你也可以保持沉默,等待对话泡全部消失(游戏还专门有一个成就,奖励给那些在整个游戏中从未主动说过一句话的玩家。),而这也不会导致对话流卡住,你的朋友们会流畅地接续话题,像极了一群聒噪的年轻人现实生活中的状态。这个对话选择系统,包括刻意不回复的设定,其实并不新鲜,早在《樱大战》中就已经出现过几乎一模一样的LIPS系统。但相对于文字冒险游戏的静态展示,《Oxenfree》中的对话是与游戏过程同步进行的,对话不再仅限于游戏过场动画,也不再需要玩家在场景中到处寻找NPC来触发,你的小伙伴们在探险过程中随时陪伴在你身畔,与你交流沟通。虽然《Oxenfree》的地图不大,但是主角的行动其实相当缓慢(与真人一样),可在相对宽广的场景中行动时,你却从来不会觉得枯燥乏味,根本原因就是对白流从来不曾中断,你在行动的同时经常会面对一个又一个即将消失的对话泡,很多情况下甚至来不及阅读完毕所有的可选项,就必须依照自己的感觉去做出判断。一开始你可能不会习惯这种对话方式,我们早已习惯了对全部游戏信息的通盘了解,但仔细回想一下,这种静态、以展示为目的的对话其实只在游戏中才可能如此大规模地存在。现实生活中的对话是即时、快速、稍纵即逝的,其核心目标是交流,给予你回复的反应时间绝不像游戏中那样往往是无限的,话头一旦掠过就很难再接续起来。在《Oxenfree》中,对话回归了其本质,成为我们了解游戏角色的关键,大量的对白在探险过程中自动发生,不受玩家控制,你所能做的只是偶尔打断说出自己的看法,但这往往会中止话题,截断他者的信息释放,想要听到全部对话的玩家,一定会等到对话泡即将消失的瞬间再做出自己的回复,即使如此,你也不可能在一次流程内捕捉到所有的信息。但这并不重要,因为这是一个鼓励你进行多周目的游戏。Groundhog Day《Oxenfree》的故事在某种程度上,是由悲剧连缀而成的,面对一场场意外(军舰官兵、安娜、麦克),游戏中的角色(玛格丽特、亚历克斯)往往是无力改变的,这种无力感也很好地透过信息的展示方式传递了出来。你很难在一次游戏流程中看到全部真相,也不可能开启所有结局。甚至在每个角色的故事发展脉络中,起到决定性作用的关键对话树,是隐藏在诸多并无实际影响的对话树之中出现的,在未曾事先查过攻略的前提下,根本不可能每一次都作出完美的选择。更何况,即使你救出了所有的伙伴,在故事结尾处那诡异的屏幕撕裂也会告诉你,亚历克斯付出了最为沉重的代价,她自己被困在了时间循环中,不得其路而出。你永远逃不出爱德华岛的掌控,正如对话分支/路线分支的数量综合起来,已经让遍历全部对话/结局所需要进行的周目数,超出了大多数正常玩家愿意在某一款游戏上花费的总时长。但也正因如此,尽管游戏本身并不长,一晚就可以通关,但每一次游玩过程都会与上一次稍显不同,在有限的流程内给予了玩家足够丰富的内容,《Oxenfree》自日式文字冒险游戏中借鉴的做法,也是传统美式冒险游戏相对欠缺的。《土拨鼠之日》里,菲尔·康纳斯[20]被困在土拨鼠日中,周而复始地遍历同一天,而在《Oxenfree》中,玩家的每一周目游戏则是亚历克斯对同一夜的遍历,她的每一次冒险也许都会改变自己伙伴们的命运,但她自己的命运,却已经被永远捆缚于这座诅咒之岛上。在PS4之后的版本中,如果你通关后开启二周目,亚历克斯及其伙伴们会在某种程度上保有对上一次冒险的记忆,因此总会产生“昨日重现”[21]的感受,至于如何亚历克斯如何彻底解开诅咒,恐怕就只有达成真结局才能得知了。游戏叙事始终需要面对的一个问题,就是如何将游戏机制与叙事结合起来,实现自洽。在大多数游戏中,这种自洽仍然停留在游戏内部,而《Oxenfree》则将其界限进行了外扩,把多周目游戏的存在也融入到了叙事中去。这种设计显而易见是受到了日式文字冒险游戏的影响,所以当我们提到《Oxenfree》时,除了公认的Telltale X 迪士尼,或许还应该意识到一点:日式冒险游戏在情节设计上的复杂性已经沁入了美式冒险游戏。传统的以谜题设计为主的美式冒险游戏仍然存在(《破碎时代》[22]),但以Telltale为代表的更为重视叙事的设计方式,早已成为一股不可忽视的力量。Epilogue《Oxenfree》并不会停留在游戏领域,《行尸走肉》[23]漫画的作者罗伯特·柯克曼[24]所在的天际弹跳娱乐[25]已经拿下版权,准备将这个故事搬上大屏幕,在某种意义上看,这似乎是一种轮回,在创作灵感上从80年代恐怖片中汲取了大量灵感的《Oxenfree》将在电影层面担负起将这一类型现代化的重任,游戏改编电影迄今为止并未取得应有的成功,其根源或许在于改编题材大多是动作游戏,在剧情层面很难有全新的突破,而如果对冒险游戏进行改编,是否可以充分利用原剧本的优势?让《Oxenfree》得以脱颖而出的画面效果很难在电影中得到忠实还原,接近真实的对话或许更适合直接改编为剧本,但在这一过程中消失的互动特色,又将以何种形式得到弥补呢?让我们拭目以待吧。[1]: Mark Twain[2]: Alex[3]: Edward Island[4]: Jonas[5]: Michael[6]: Clarissa[7]: 这是我第一次游玩的结果。[8]: Groundhog Day[9]: 据称PS4及之后推出的其他版本含有一个隐藏结局可以将亚历克斯救出这一轮回,但尚未有人尝试出来。[10]: Night School Studio[11]: Adam Hines[12]: Tales from Borderlands[13]: Sean Krankel[14]: Disney[15]: Universal Studios[16]: Kanaloa[17]: Margaret Adler[18]: Anna Shea[19]: Snake Eater[20]: Phil Connors[21]: de javu[22]: Broken Age[23]: The Walking Dead[24]: Robert Kirkman[25]: Skybound Entertainmenthttps://medium.com/indie-game-tide/indie-game-tide-vol-18-7105cc8a2d5d#.gbtighhc5http://weixin.qq.com/r/RENbQ_3EvrDBrakg9xZW (二维码自动识别)发布于 2016-06-17 09:47赞同 20527 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起Zyue 关注真的是画风超清新!总体感觉游戏很短,我是断断续续玩了两天玩完的。但看到有人评论说玩两个小时就玩完了 关于对话的选择,感觉给的时间不够。有时候犹豫一下,对话框就消失了接下来上一张图关键点是主角的一个radio,这个设置挺好玩的 。要调节频率,而且每次出现的都不一样。不过从开始有了第一个时间loop以后,接下来又出现就不觉得奇怪了。Btw,感觉语速好快啊,真的是整遍游戏玩下来英语听力都不用愁了!!!每次出现人物被鬼附身的时候都要转动那个(忘记叫啥了)或者radio ,才能解救被困的人。总之,这个时候的画面——就感觉像是电脑抽了 听说结局有很多种,这个还蛮开放的!接下来附上在微博上看到的一张图,还真的蛮形象的!发布于 2016-02-22 23:08赞同 198 条评论分享收藏喜欢